TATA Motors

TATA motors
              
                      Tata Motors Limited (formerly TELCO, short for Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company) is an Indian multinationalautomotive manufacturing company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and a subsidiary of the Tata Group. Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses, construction equipment and military vehicles. It is the world's seventeenth-largest motor vehicle manufacturing company, fourth-largest truck manufacturer and second-largest bus manufacturer by volume.^[7]

Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plants in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad and Pune in India, as well as in Argentina, South Africa, Thailand and the United Kingdom. It has research and development centres in Pune, Jamshedpur, Lucknow and Dharwad, India, and in South Korea, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Tata Motors' principal subsidiaries include the British premium car maker Jaguar Land Rover (the maker of Jaguar, Land Rover and Range Rover cars) and the South Korean commercial vehicle manufactuer Tata Daewoo. Tata Motors has a bus manufacturing joint venture with Marcopolo S.A. (Tata Marcopolo), a construction equipment manufacturing joint venture with Hitachi (Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery), and a joint venture with Fiat which manufactures automotive components and Fiat and Tata branded vehicles.

Founded in 1945 as a manufacturer of locomotives, the company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969. Tata Motors entered the passenger vehicle market in 1991 with the launch of the Tata Sierra, becoming the first Indian manufacturer to achieve the capability of developing a competitive indigenous automobile.^[8] In 1998, Tata launched the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car, the Indica, and in 2008 launched the Tata Nano, the world's most affordable car. Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004 and purchased Jaguar Land Rover from Ford in 2008.

Tata Motors is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, the National Stock Exchange of India and the New York Stock Exchange. Tata Motors is ranked 314th in the 2012 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world's biggest corporations.

Rolls Royce

Rolls Royce

                   Rolls-Royce may refer to:

• Rolls-Royce Limited, the original company founded in 1906, and split into Rolls-Royce plc and Rolls-Royce Motors in 1973.
• Rolls-Royce plc, an aerospace, power systems and defense company.
  • Rolls-Royce Corporation
  • Rolls-Royce Deutschland
  • Rolls-Royce Marine Power Operations Ltd
  • Rolls-Royce North America
  • Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Limited
  • Rolls-Royce AB and KaMeWa AB
• Rolls-Royce Motors, the motor car manufacturing entity established in the 1973 de-merger of Rolls-Royce Limited and the predecessor of Bentley Motors Limited, a subsidiary of Volkswagen Group since 1998.
• Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, an entity created in 1998 as a subsidiary of BMW Group for the manufacture of Rolls-Royce branded motor cars.
• List of Rolls-Royce motor cars, a list of motor cars displaying the Rolls-Royce brand.

Jaguar

JAGUAR
             
               Jaguar was founded as the Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922, originally making motorcycle sidecars before developing passenger cars. The name was changed to Jaguar after World War II to avoid the unfavourable connotations of the SS initials.^[8] Sale to The British Motor Corporation followed in 1966, the resulting enlarged company now being renamed as British Motor Holdings (BMH), which in 1968 merged with Leyland Motor Corporation and became British Leyland, itself to be nationalised in 1975.

Jaguar was de-merged from British Leyland and was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1984, becoming a constituent of theFTSE 100 Index until it was acquired by Ford in 1990.^[9] Jaguar has, in recent years, manufactured cars for the British Prime Minister, the most recent delivery being an XJ in May 2010. The company also holds royal warrants from Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles.^[11]

Jaguar cars today are designed in Jaguar Land Rover's engineering centres at the Whitley plant in Coventry and at their Gaydon sitein Warwickshire, and are manufactured in Jaguar's Castle Bromwich assembly plant in Birmingham with some manufacturing expected to take place in the Solihull plant.

In September 2013 Jaguar Land Rover announced plans to open a 100 million GBP (160 million USD) research and development centre in Warwick, United Kingdom to create a next generation of vehicle technologies. The carmaker said around 1,000 academics and engineers would work there and that construction would start in 2014.

GDP

Gross Domestic Product
                        Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a year, or over a given period of time. GDP per capita is often used as an indicator of a country's material standard of living.

GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income (See Standard of living and GDP). Under economic theory, GDP per capita exactly equals gross domestic income (GDI) per capita. However, due to differences in measurement, there is usually a statistical discrepancy between the two figures.

GDP is related to national accounts, a subject in macroeconomics. GDP is not to be confused with gross national product (GNP) which allocates production based on ownership.

                         DP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, in principle, give the same result. They are the production (or output) approach, the income approach, or the expenditure approach.

The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the product must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to people's total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers," colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers' incomes.

An Overview Of The Kingfisher Group Finance

Kingfisher
             
           Kingfisher’s roots go back to 1982 with the acquisition of FW Woolworth by Paternoster. With the deal came a relatively small chain of home improvement stores called B&Q. It was the start of a decade of major expansion which created one of Europe’s biggest and broadest retail conglomerates. The company bought the Comet electrical chain in 1984 and the Superdrug health and beauty stores in 1987. Meanwhile B&Q expanded its out of town presence to become the leading home improvement retailer in the UK.

In the 1990s Kingfisher continued to expand its broad mix of retail businesses. B&Q expanded rapidly with the opening of larger Warehouse style stores from 1994 and the decade also saw the start of the group’s international expansion in the home improvement sector. In 1998 B&Q merged with Castorama, France’s leading home improvement retailer and owner of the smaller, but fast-growing Brico Dépôt chain. In 1999 the first B&Q store opened in China.

Other acquisitions in that decade saw Kingfisher buy Darty, the French electrical chain in 1993, and Screwfix, the e-commerce and catalogue seller of screws and fixings, in 1999.

By the turn of the millennium Kingfisher took the decision to focus exclusively on its home improvement businesses, which were seen as having greater growth potential and more scope for international expansion. To this end, Woolworths was demerged in 2001 and Superdrug was sold in the same year. In 2002 the remaining stake in Castorama was acquired to create the leading home improvement retailer in Europe.

Kingfisher is the market leader in the UK and France, two of the largest retail markets in Europe. Each has large, relatively wealthy populations and levels of home ownership are high. Compared with the whole European Union (EU), a relatively higher proportion of consumer retail expenditure is on home improvement products and services. The home improvement markets in these countries are well-developed, large and have benefited from increasing consumer wealth and growth in the number of homes. Consumers are served by large, well-established national retailers and small local specialists.

Kingfisher is market leader in Poland and is building a new business in Russia. Consumers in these countries are enjoying increasing disposable income and consumption growth is strong. Retail spending in total and the proportion spent on home improvements are both lower than the EU average in these countries but are growing faster as consumers become wealthier and look to improve their homes. Poland has a large, mostly home-owning population with good DIY skills. Russia is the largest European country and developing fast. The home improvement market is being driven by new construction and much needed renovation.

indian economy

Indian economy

The economy of India is the tenth-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity(PPP). The country is one of the G-20 major economies and a member of BRICS. On a per-capita-income basis, India ranked 141st by nominal GDP and 130th by GDP (PPP) in 2012, according to the IMF. India is the 19th-largest exporterand the 10th-largest importer in the world. The economy slowed to around 5.0% for the 2012–13 fiscal year compared with 6.2% in the previous fiscal.According to Moody's, the Economic Growth Rate of India would be 5.5% in 2014-15.On 28 August 2013 the Indian rupee hit an all time low of 68.80 against the US dollar. In order to control the fall in rupee, the government introduced capital controls on outward investment by both corporates and individuals. India's GDP grew by 9.3% in 2010–11; thus, the growth rate has nearly halved in just three years. GDP growth rose marginally to 4.8% during the quarter through March 2013, from about 4.7% in the previous quarter. The government has forecast a growth rate of 6.1%–6.7% for the year 2013–14, whilst the RBI expects the same to be at 5.7%. Besides this, India suffered a very high fiscal deficit of US$88 billion (4.8% of GDP) in the year 2012–13. The Indian Government aims to cut the fiscal deficit to US$70 billion or 3.7% of GDP by 2013–14.

The independence-era Indian economy (from 1947 to 1991) was based on a mixed economy combining features of capitalism and socialism, resulting in an inward-looking, interventionist policies and import-substituting economy that failed to take advantage of the post-war expansion of trade. This model contributed to widespread inefficiencies and corruption, and the failings of this system were due largely to its poor implementation.

In 1991, India adopted liberal and free-market principles and liberalised its economy to international trade under the guidance of Former Finance minister Manmohan Singh under the Prime Ministrship of P.V.Narasimha Rao, who had eliminated Licence Raj, a pre- and post-British era mechanism of strict government controls on setting up new industry. Following these major economic reforms, and a strong focus on developing national infrastructure such as the Golden Quadrilateral project by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the country's economic growth progressed at a rapid pace, with relatively large increases in per-capita incomes.^[31] The south western state of Maharashtra contributes the highest towards India's GDP among all states. Mumbai (Maharashtra) is known as the trade and commerce capital of India.

global finance

Content
 1.Global finance features
 2.Fin crisis recession 2008


Global finance features
                                 The global financial system is the worldwide framework of legal agreements, institutions, and both formal and informal economic actors that together facilitate international flows of financial capital for purposes of investment and trade financing. The system has evolved substantially since its emergence in the late 19th century during the first modern wave of economic globalization. The change is marked by the establishment of central banks, multilateral treaties, and intergovernmental organizations aimed at improving the transparency, regulation, and effectiveness of international markets.

Fin crisis recession 2008
                                   he financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, is considered by many economists the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. It resulted in the threat of total collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis.The active phase of the crisis, which manifested as a liquidity crisis, can be dated from August 9, 2007, when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing "a complete evaporation of liquidity".